Existence of God Essay Example

Existence of God Essay There are many types of Cosmological argument, but it is better to concentrate on a small number of them and to probe their intricacies rather than to be content with general summaries. They all share many features in common in particular, they argue from the world to God and are thus a posteriori. In the Timaeus, Plato uses a Cosmological argument to arrive at the Demiurge, but it is Aristotles argument that has had most influence because it was used by St.Thomas Aquinas. Aristotle argued to an unmoved mover. This unmoved mover was not a personal God like the Christian God, and it had no religious significance rather, it should be seen as the ultimate cause of the Cosmos. Plotinus, in the third century, modified Platos argument, although again did not arrive at the Christian God. Plotinus God created the world from himself (and not from nothing) by a necessary unfolding of himself God had no choice. Plotinus God was also beyond all description and NEEDED to create in order to bec ome conscious (Process theology draws on this view). The Islamic and Jewish philosophers tended to be in advance of Christian philosophers in the early middle ages. Alfarabi and Avicenna put forward distinctive proofs, including the significant KALAM argument. The Jewish thinker Maimonides put forward an argument which led to a God similar to that of Aquinas he claimed that the I AM of the Old Testament has absolute existence, and that He alone exists necessarily and absolutely. AQUINAS ARGUMENT =================== We will write a custom essay sample on Existence of God specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Existence of God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Existence of God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Aquinas Five Ways are the cornerstone of Catholic Natural Theology because they claim to show that language about God successfully refers. However, Aquinas was not creating new arguments but using old ones; for example, Aquinas Fifth Way owed much to Platos argument in the Timaeus. In the Five Ways, Aquinas argues: 1. FROM MOTION 2. FROM EFFICIENT CAUSES 3. FROM CONTINGENCY AND NECESSITY 4. FROM GRADES OF PERFECTION IN THINGS, and 5. FROM DESIGN. It is not certain that Aquinas intended his arguments to establish the existence of God independent of faith. Lubor Veleckys book1, argues that Aquinas did not intend the arguments as proofs rather, he wished to show existing believers that it was rational to believe in God; he was not trying to convince atheists by philosophic argument. Velecky points out that Aquinas was already a firm believer, and wrote for a world which accepted Aristotelian categories he would never have expected the arguments (which he treats very briefly) to have had the weight they have subsequently been given. However, it is not necessarily the case that Velecky is right; it may well be held that Aquinas DID intend to produce proofs and, indeed, that his whole system depends on their success. The most interesting of Aquinas Five Ways is probably the third the argument from contingency. My summary of it is as follows: 1. Everything can be or not be 2. If this is so, given infinite time, at some time everything would not be 3. If there was once nothing, nothing could come from it 4. Therefore something must necessarily exist (NOTE MOST CAREFULLY that this is not God) 5. Everything necessary must be caused or uncaused 6. The series of necessary things cannot go on to infinity as there would then be no explanation for the series 7. Therefore there must be some Being having of itself its own necessity 8. This is what everyone calls God. It is important to note that the overall aim of Aquinas arguments is not to move back in a temporal sequence rather, they seek to establish DEPENDENCE, the dependence of the world on God now. Aquinas believed that there was no way of establishing that the Universe had a beginning in time this was a revealed doctrine. He did, however, believe that his arguments established the need for the world to be DEPENDENT on God. Aquinas arguments arrive at That which is necessary to explain the Universe or that which is necessary to explain motion, causation or contingency. We do not know what God is, but whatever God is, God is that which is necessary to explain the Universes existence. There is a jump, however, from whatever this is, to describing it as God. THIS GAVE RISE TO PASCALS QUOTE The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob not the God of the philosophers. Aquinas ends his proofs by saying This is what everyone calls God, but this can be challenged. Aquinas Prime Mover appears radically different from the God of most Christians. If we said that God was whatever sustains the universe in existence, we would be somewhere near to what Aquinas was saying but this whatever may be some way from Yahweh. It is important to recognize that Aquinas ends up with God as de re necessary necessary in and of himself and cause of himself. This is NOT meant to be the same as de dicto necessity (logical necessity, based on the way words are used for instance All spinsters are female) which applies in the Ontological argument. It is necessary to be clear on the difference between de re and de dicto necessity. The Ontological argument starts with de dicto necessity2 and attempts to arrive at de re necessity3. The de re necessary God is wholly simple. The crux of the notion of Divine simplicity is the identity of essence and existence in God God is not something that just happens to exist, Gods essence includes existence. God cannot be a material being because God: cannot have any intrinsic accidental properties: cannot, therefore, change in any way; and cannot be an individual of any given species or genus. Hence an absolutely necessary being does not have a nature in any straightforward sense at all.4 WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (1290 -1350) raised at least three problems which go to the heart of the Cosmological argument: 1) Ockham challenged Aquinas view that an infinite series was impossible. He maintained that causes could be ORIGINATING CAUSES and not CONSERVING CAUSES in other words, one cause could bring something else into existence but not then have to conserve its existence. A mother is responsible for bringing a baby into the world but not for retaining the baby in existence once it has grown. This is important as Aquinas wishes to establish that the world depends on God NOW; God did not just create the universe and then leave (Aquinas is not a deist). 2) Ockham queried whether there was any necessary link between cause and effect. This was the same point which was made by Hume centuries later the Cosmological argument depends on there being a necessary link between cause and effect. On the face of it, this seems a reasonable link to make, except that some scientists today claim that there are uncaused causes that certain fundamental particles come into existence without any explanation. One problem with this view is whether it is a true statement, or simply a reflection of our present ignorance. 3) Ockham did not think it possible to prove that there was only one God, nor that the most perfect possible being existed. There is a distinction between two possibilities. Either God is: i) The most perfect being that actually exists. In this case, there clearly is such a being (whatever it may be), but this does not mean it is the Christian God. Or ii) The most perfect being that could possibly exist. In this case, however, there is no way of showing that this POSSIBLE being is also an actual being. Christians maintain that God is the most perfect possible being. Ockhams claim is that the most that the Cosmological argument can establish is the most perfect being that actually exists, and there is no way of moving from this to showing that God is the most perfect possible being. It is in this sense that the Cosmological argument is sometimes held to depend on the Ontological, as the Ontological argument starts from the definition that God is the most perfect possible being. Ockhams point might be re-stated by claiming that this position is needed by Christianity but cannot be established by the Cosmological argument. Aquinas considered that Gods existence cannot be known to be necessary by understanding Gods nature, as human beings cannot know this nature. However, he considered that if we COULD know this nature (in the way that God does) THEN Gods existence would be seen to be necessary. Because of our lack of knowledge of Gods nature, Aquinas rejects the ontological argument and all his arguments move from features of the universe to God. Ockhams approach to Theology is distinctive and important. He often differed from Aquinas, and his arguments are frequently strong. His position deserves greater attention than it tends to be given! The same, incidentally, applies to the philosophy of Bonaventure and Duns Scotus. LEIBNIZ (1646 1716) ==================== The best known expression of Leibniz argument is based on the BOOK OF THE ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY: Suppose the book of the elements of geometry to have been eternal, one copy always having been written down from an earlier one. It is evident that even though a reason can be given for the present book out of a past one, we should never come to a full reason. What is true of the books is also true of the states of the world. If you suppose the world eternal you will suppose nothing but a succession of states and will not find in any of them a sufficient reason. Leibniz often uses the word reason but it is clear that this effectively means cause. for instance he quotes the example of Archimedes balance which is held in equal balance unless there is a reason (i.e. cause) why one side should be weighed down. He argues for the existence of the ultimate reason of things which he takes to mean the ultimate cause of things. Effectively he wishes to maintain that everything (including the universe itself) must have a reason or cause for its existence and this must mean there is an ultimate, uncaused cause which he takes to be God. Leibniz considered that there must be a complete or sufficient explanation, and therefore the book (in the example above), like the world, must have had a first cause. Geisler and Corduan5 summarise Leibniz argument as follows: 1. The world we see is changing 2. Whatever is changing lacks within itself the reason for its own existence 3. There is a sufficient reason for everything either within itself or outside itself 4. Therefore there must be a cause beyond itself for its existence 5. Either this cause is itself caused or is its own sufficient reason 6. There cannot be an infinite regress of causes because this will never provide a sufficient reason 7. Therefore there must be a first Cause of the world which has no reason beyond itself but is its own sufficient reason. The key to this argument is the PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON, which Leibniz thought to be self-evidently true. In practice, people are normally content with proximate reasons reasons that satisfy. Thus the reason these notes are written is to make philosophic issues clearer to students. One might ask further questions such as why I bother since no-one reads them, whether this is the best way of helping students, or even why the students are studying Philosophy of Religion at all, but most people would not consider that there has to be an ultimate explanation of my action in order for the explanation to make sense. It is the assertion of an ultimate explanation that the Principle of Sufficient Reason maintains. Kai Neilsen says that If a series were literally infinite, there would be no need for there to be a first cause to get the causal order started, for there would always be a causal order since an infinite series can have no first member6. However even if a series existed eternally, then it could still be argued that God is needed to sustain the series which brings the discussion back to whether the whole causal series is simply a brute fact or requires God to explain it. Mackie7 maintains that Leibniz argument can be challenged in two ways: 1. Firstly by asking How do we know everything must have a sufficient reason? Leibniz asserts that this is the case but does not actually provide any compelling argument, 2. Secondly, How can there be a necessary being, one that contains its own sufficient reason? Leibniz does not have any compelling reason to show why the existence of such a being is necessary. HUMES CRITICISMS8 ================== Hume offers a sustained attack on the Cosmological arguments, and his arguments have since been developed and elaborated: 1. Like causes resemble like effects. The most that can be derived from finite effects will be finite causes. All that it is reasonable to do is to propose a cause adequate to explain the effect, and this will be a finite cause. Hume asks why one should not postulate male and female gods who are born and die, as the closer the analogy between causes in the world and causes of the world as a whole the closer should be the resemblance between us as agents who cause things and God. 2. We have no experience of universes being made. Nothing counts for or against the hypothesis about the origin of everything. Swinburne (The Existence of God) rejects this view as he argues that everything is unique under some description although Humes point is that we know about causes within the universe, and this does not entitle us to move to a cause of the universe as a whole. The essence of this point can be expressed by saying that it is one thing to say that every human being has a mother, but that one cannot move from this to say that there is a mother for the whole human race. 3. No proposition about existence can be logically necessary. The opposite of any statement about existence is always perfectly possible. This objection may rest on a confusion, as Aquinas does not claim that Gods existence is logically necessary instead he claims that the existence of God is necessary GIVEN motion, cause, contingency, etc.. God is not logically necessary God is de re necessary, necessary in and of himself. 4. The words necessary being have no consistent meaning. Any being claimed to exist may or may not exist. Hume stated this by saying that All existential propositions are synthetic. 5. If necessary being means only imperishable being, then the universe itself may be necessary. This is similar to Russells point in his debate with Copleston. IF one accepts (and Russell did not) that things in the world are contingent, why should not the Universe as a whole be necessary? We know from Einsteins principle of the conservation of matter that matter and energy remain constant, so why should matter and energy not be the constants that are necessary to explain the contingency of everything else? 6. An infinite series is possible. If this is true, then there need be no sufficient reason and no end to the regress of justification. 7. There is no way of establishing the principle of causality (see discussion of this point under Ockham above). KANTs CRITICISMS ================== Kants key criticism (although there are a number) is based on the claim that NO EXISTENTIAL STATEMENT CAN BE NECESSARY. Necessity only applies to thought; it cannot apply to being. Kant is, therefore, rejecting the idea of God as de re necessary. Brian Davies says that as God is not a something, we should not ask what caused God. But this is to put God into a special category (see Lee below), which Kant effectively rejects. Kant maintained that genuine knowledge and reasoning can only be about objects of possible experience and since we cannot experience the object which is God, we cannot reason our way to Him. You cannot move from physical premises to a metaphysical conclusion. We can, in other words, know about the PHENOMENA but not the NOUMENA. MARTIN LEE9 ============ Martin Lees point is that either God is something or God is nothing. If God is something we can ask what caused God, whilst if God is nothing God cannot be an explanation for the universe. Aquinas wants to deny this distinction. Aquinas maintains that God is neither something nor nothing God is in Gods own category. Brian Davies makes the same point, and it is central to the cosmological argument. There are various possible definitions of the Universe, thus: * DAVIES All existing things * COPLESTON The real or imagined totality or aggregate of individual objects. Lee maintains that if the world is the aggregate of objects, then the explanation of the existence of the world is the aggregate of the explanations of individual objects. So the cause of a chair is the carpenter, plus materials and tools. If the totality is no more than the aggregate, then once one has explained the existence of each item in the aggregate, there is no more to explain. IF the world is more than the aggregate then we are into the design argument. So Lee maintains that REVELATION and not Natural Theology tells us that the world was created and dependent. One of the crucial moves in the Cosmological argument is whether it is a legitimate move on the part of Aquinas to put God into a category of Gods own neither something nor nothing. Lee maintains that it is not but, perhaps, his argument rests on the idea that God must be in some sense an object in the Universe rather than in a category of Gods own. The latter view appears attractive, but critics could maintain that by putting God into a self-explanatory, unique category one is making an unjustified assumption which could be regarded as a somewhat ad hoc hypothesis. WHY POSTULATE THIS SPECIAL CATEGORY? DOES THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT REST ON A MISTAKE? ===================================================== Perhaps the whole idea of the Cosmological argument is misconceived; some philosophers have taken this view. I believe in God may not work according to the same logic as saying I believe in an undiscovered planet between earth and Mars. Rush Rhees maintains this view. He says: If you tried to explain to someone who had no idea of religion that there was a first cause, you could be arguing as follows: There must be a first cause, a Something and this something is more powerful, whatever that means, than anything else so you would not have been conceived or born but for the operation of Something, and Something might wipe everything out of existence at any time. Would THAT give us any idea of the wonder and glory of God? Surely he would reply: What a frightful idea! Like a Frankenstein without limit so that you cannot escape it the most ghastly nightmare. If my chief reason for worshipping God had to be a belief that a super-Frankenstein would blast me to Hell if I did not, then I hope I should have the decency to tell this being who is named Almighty God to go ahead and blast. Is the reason for worshipping God rather than the Devil that God is stronger than the Devil? GOD WILL GET YOU IN THE END AND THEN YOU WILL BE FOR IT. THINK OF THE FUTURE BOY, AND DONT THROW AWAY YOUR CHANCES. What a creeping, vile sort of thing this religion would be. God, Rush Rhees maintains, does not have MORE power than the Devil, God has a different sort of power. Both D.Z. Phillips and R.W. Hepburn consider, with Tillich, that: The Cosmological Argument degrades God to the level of the world. Tillich says: The arguments for the existence of God are neither arguments nor are they proofs of the existence of God, they are expressions of the Question of God which is implied by human finitude. D. Z. Phillips, in a chapter From world to God in his book Faith and Philosophic Enquiry, sees the Cosmological argument as an attempt to explain the world. In DostoyevskysThe Brothers Karamazov, Dimitri asks why a baby is crying he is not interested in the circumstances but in the larger question. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE MEANING OF THE WORLD AND THE MEANING OF LIFE ARE THE SAME. The meaning of life and of the world is, Phillips maintains, to be found WITHIN the Universe and not outside it. Phillips maintains that Gods love is other than the world as it means dying to the worlds way of looking at things. So the man who loves God cannot be harmed by any of the worlds suffering or evils. This is what Jesus meant when he said that perfect love casts out fear or when he talked of the peace that only he could give, or what Socrates meant when he said that The Good man cannot be harmed. Phillips, however, argues for a non-realist understanding of Gods existence (see my book, The Puzzle of God), so he would naturally reject the enterprise of which the Cosmological argument forms part. Whether he is right or not is a wider issue. FINALLY ======== At the end of the day, the key issue is possibly whether the world as a brute fact (Bertrand Russell) is more self-explanatory than God as the cause of the Universe. The Big Bang theory points to the idea that the universe had a beginning and that space and time came into existence with the Universe this is similar to the position which supporters of the Cosmological argument seek to establish. It also points to a God who is timeless and spaceless, since time and space would be dependent on the created Universe. However, whether the universe is the ultimate inexplicable fact, or whether God is the ultimate explanation, is what the argument is all about and this is not easy to establish. Believers in God may find the argument persuasive; others may be less convinced. Hick and Swinburne are examples of philosophers who take different views on this and it is essential, if the argument is to succeed, to show why God is the better ultimate explanation. Swinburne (The Existence of God10) maintains that God is a SIMPLER explanation than the brute fact of the universe because God provides a personal explanation but this is debatable. Aquinas certainly considered that God was metaphysically simple (this is the defining characteristic of the Thomist God from which other features such as Gods timelessness, immutability, spacelessness, bodilessness, etc. are derived), but this is VERY different from saying that God provides a simple explanation. Also, it is all very well saying that God is personal, but it is far from clear what personal means when applied to the wholly simple God it certainly cannot be understood univocally (see The Puzzle of God 11for a discussion on analogy and metaphor in religious language) since God is not personal in the same sense as a human being is personal.

Discussion Three Example

Discussion Three Example Discussion Three – Article Example of due: Ronald Reagans First Inaugural Address Reagan accepted the opportunity to air out his vision for the government. While referring to the economic ills suffered by the state in several decades, he clearly urges Americans that government is not the solution† to the present crisis (Reagan, para 8). The most interesting element of his speech is that he tries to create a sensation of belonging among the Americans by emphasizing on the indigence for the masses to govern themselves first before they think of governing others (Reagan, para 10). His confidence in the people to revive America from economic woes by emphasizing the achievements and duties of the multitude can be felt throughout his speech (Reagan, para 11-30). Reagan creates an argument with the aim of inspiring the Americans to be the future heroes of their government. His speech clearly elucidates the platform that founded America (West Valley College, para 2).The riots present a true picture of police brutality t hat led to the reawakening of many Americans. The most interesting element in the article is that even despite Rodney giving himself to the police, they decided on their own that he was resisting arrest and went down to take power into their hands and beat him. Firing live at the suspect further introduces the nature of police brutality that the people felt silently as traffic violations were offenses punishable by courts of law. On the other hand, since the suspect was black, there was increased interest among African American community, which felt people silently suffered from racism and police brutality. Reagan, Ronald. First Inaugural Address. U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 20 Jan. 1981. [Web] 15 June 2015. [Available at] bartleby.com/124/pres61.htmlWest Valley College. Cooper Goldin. [Web] 15 June 2015. [Available at] instruct.westvalley.edu/kelly/Distance_Learning/History_17B/Readings/Cooper_Goldin.htm

Analyzing a Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing a Poem - Essay Example Thus, the basic journey of the poem can be considered to be that of coming of age of the adolescent as they move from dependent childhood to independent adulthood. It can also be considered a poem of discovery as the person discovers their own voice. In either case, the speaker of the poem takes on an exterior role, speaking to the actor rather than taking part in the action itself yet still having a knowledge of the events that have occurred. Within the poem, it is suggested that the person must have tried to leave before but couldn’t. This is heard in the voices crying out and the trembling of the house, putting in mind the way that older people tend to live vicariously through their children. The poet also indicates that â€Å"it was already late / enough, and a wild night, / and the road full of fallen / branches and stones† (19-22). The traveler has taken the advice that was shouted out before, gaining them nothing but the ability to recognize bad advice when they hear it. The road is not sunny and promising because of the time wasted, they have missed some of their opportunities. However, this time they were able to break through the boundaries that kept them home before, prompting the speaker to recount what the traveler has overcome and providing a comforting, reassuring voice that the traveler has done the right thing for themselves. The poem is not divided along a simple rhyme scheme pattern or even along structured metrical rhythm. Instead, its first two divisions are indicated by the words â€Å"you knew what you had to do,† appearing in the first lines as well as line 13. In the first of these sections, the poet illustrates the clinging nature of the people of the house. They cling to the traveler through guilt and through pity. The second section talks about the desperate emotional struggle of the traveler in trying to take his leave. While the third section ends with the repetition of the key phrase

APPLIED ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT Essay

APPLIED ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The problems solved revolve around the practical moral issues, specifically those related to professions such as law or medicine or accounting. There are at least six ethical theories as described by some scholars (Champion, 2007). Plato describes the absolutism theory. This theory relates to the personal character of the individual. It helps answer the question regarding the kind of life one is entitled to live. It is based on the principle; conform to forms, that is, basis on ideals that make the reality. The source of value according to this theory is the form of goodness. The method applied here is reasoning the nature of analogies and unchanging ideals. An example of such an ethical principle is lying, which does not conform to the truth form. The principle is exceptionless in that the form of goodness advocated for is not known (Champion, 2007). Aristotle describes eudaimonism which helps answer the question relating to the kind of person one should be. It also relates to the personal character. The principle is to maintain and develop activities in line and obedience to the rationale principle. The value source is the human nature which determines the well being of humans. The method for determining this is through examining and analysing the commonly used moral language and other moral ideas. St Thomas Aquinas describes ethics based on the natural law. It relates to personal character just like the two discussed above. The question asked relates to the kind of person one should be (Champion, 2007). The principle here is to promote whatever is termed and defined as good and discard the evil commitments. The good behaviours are advocated for by the society, family, self preservation and knowledge. The value source for this ethical behaviour is human and universe nature as referenced by God. The human inclinations are examined and reasoning the nature of law. Cultural differences among the ordering society are a major control issue (Champion,

School District Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School District Budget - Essay Example To this end, in developing the budget for the forth coming 2008/2009 financial year, the district education board consulted a wide range of stakeholders such as the district staff, the parents association and the community representative before arriving at the final document. All projected activities in the budget are assigned to the relevant stakeholders identified in the budget paper. Budget development begins with the adoption of a specific timetable that will guide the implementation of the budget development at all the various stages, which is presented to the Education Board. It happens almost concurrently with the release of the governor's budgetary proposal. By this arrangement, a platform is created for the study of the governor's budget with all its allocations to the individual schools, in order to provide the needed framework for the final budget. Principals and mangers are then served with copies and expected to work in partnership with broad based community involvement to produce a feedback to be incorporated into the final budget. The feedback is treated as Certificated Staffing to be filed with the Director, Fiscal Services. The next important step in the process is the discussion of the budget along all its highlighted assumptions.

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay The PESTLE analysis was enunciated to ascertain the levels of the effects the external environment plays in the global market arena. The global market entry strategy remains an important focal point in global marketing as banks in an effort to enhance growth and survival expand to other foreign markets to remain competitive in a turbulent and ever changing business environment. This research took a cursory look at the various elements that determines the options available to financial institutions especially banks as the mode of entry varies based on different criteria and how such decisions are made, the advantages and disadvantages of joint ventures, strategic alliances and mergers acquisition were appropriately considered. These elements also includes the focal theories of marketing strategic environment, the eclectic, the business network, the institutionalization and the resource based theories of foreign direct investment, the different market entry choice open for banks was a nalysed. The market conditions that influences the decision of banks in selecting markets are analysed (the internal and external conditions), the market entry partner selection criteria was enunciated. Guaranty Trust Bank Plc. has taken a look at the disadvantages of the partnership style and hence opted for the choice of not adopting these styles of market entry as the countries it is participating in had not stringent protectionist regulation, all these countries of Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia all needed the influx of foreign direct investment from neighbour nations. GTBank however opted for the establishment of subsidiaries in these countries by taking the grow brand straight into the markets of its choice, the branded products were internationalized. This gives it the leverage to make definite decisions and determine the steps, pace and determine the direction in which it decides to operate. This mode of market entry strategy enhanced GTBanks chances of being innovative and to compete favourably in its continuous drive to attain maximum height in the global business environment it finds itself. This has contributed to the successive growth of the bank in the West African sub-region. Had it opted for the partnership strategy, it would have been restricted from undertaken and exploring the market as much as necessary the partial if not, total control of the principal it so attached itself to. This limits its capabilities and strides to the views and acceptance of the principal partner in the host country and this weakens its innovative drive. GTBank plc. in an effort to seek expansion has subsidiaries in emerging financial markets of Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Ghana and Gambia with a correspondent outlet in United Kingdom. This has brought in a revolutionary trend in the style and system of conducting banking business in the West African sub-region. It is along this line that this research examines the entries style and strategies employed and other considerations by the bank. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to the following for giving me full support through the course of this project.  Ã‚  Many thanks to the branch manager of GTB, and other department heads that helped me with my study. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Barny Morris for providing support and guidance whenever I needed it. Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to my father Mr Barda, and my sister Fatima Barda for supporting me throughout my years of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER ONE 2.0.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION The global financial meltdown has necessitated the re-strategizing of different financial institutions with Guaranty Trust Bank Plc Nigeria having to change its marketing strategies continuously and seek to internationalize by going into different foreign markets. There are two advantages that necessitated firms involving in global marketing, the idea of sustainable growth and expansion and a tacit route for survival in the ever competitive financial business environment (Buckley and Carson 1996). Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990, commenced operations in February 1991and became publicly quoted company on the Nigerian stock exchange in September 1996, In February 2002, GTBank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2003.  Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and successfully raised over N11 billion from Nigerian Investors to expand its operations and favourably compete with other global financial institutions. The Central Bank of Nigeria raised the minimum capital base of banks operating in Nigeria to N25 billion in 2005 as part of the regulating bodys efforts to sanitize and strengthen the financial institutions in Nigerian, GTBank subsequently met this criteria(CBN bulletin, 2006), in post-consolidation, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc made a strategic decision to actively pursue retail banking. A major rebranding exercise followed in June 2005, and GTBank began an aggressive expansion strategy and taking the product brand to Ghana, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leon, and a correspondence outlet in United Kingdom (GTB Home 2011) What are the Research Questions? 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the foreign market entry strategy that GTBank used in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the choices of foreign market entry option work for Guaranty Trust Bank in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the Market entry option strategy contribute to Guaranty Trust Bank competitiveness? Global marketing entry strategies has  [BM1]  been an underlining factor towards sustainable growth, expansion and survival of all financial institutions in the w[BM2]  orld, the rationale behind this research is to ascertain the importance financial institutions like GTBank derive from their  global entry strategies[BM3]  in the bid for competitiveness in the global financial markets. The last global financial crisis that led to several multi-global financial institutions like Goldman Sachs and Lehmann Brothers went bust and how a financial institution like GTbank may use its market entry strategies to effect and continue its quest for sustainable growth and continuous expansion Sceptics believe the doomsday was just postponed and not averted entirely  [BM4]  hence there is still a continued global feeling of another more clinical meltdown envisaged in the nearest future. For its continuing sustainability and expansions, GTBank choice of market entry strategy is vital so as to consolidate or plan its exit strategy as well. Financial institutions are said to be the engine room of all economic activities such as borrowing, investments, consumption spending, net exports, net government spending, and foreign exchange. This research will shed light on how Guaranty Trust Bank Plc stimulated these economic activities in different countries and enhances its growth by its choice of market entry options The aims and objectives of this Research The aim of this research is to look into the global market entry strategies, and how invaluable these strategies are to the overall theme of guaranty trust bank market entry strategy as it seek to expand into other territories.   Objectives of this research are; To review the global market entry strategies. Examine the actual and potential effects of global market entry strategies on Guaranty Trust Bank.   Examine the extent to which Global market entry strategy improves growth and sustainable expansion of Guaranty Trust Bank Methodology This research is based on a case study approach and is largely qualitative and primary data will be used as interviews will be conducted of six person in different departments of GTBank and data from educational Journals, periodical, educational Textbooks, Studies and Reports of institutions, Newsletters, internet sources in addition to erstwhile various related published educational sources will be extensively used. Organization of this Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Research is organized as follows: Chapter one contains the introduction to the study, which incorporates:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aims/objectives of the study  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An outline of the research methodology to be used in satisfying the aims  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research questions  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief outline of the subsequent chapters Chapter two consists of literature review and theoretical framework  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chapter  Summarise what other studies have done, their methods their results, and case studies   Chapter three contains methodology of Research  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describing the data, providing descriptive statistics about the data (charts and tables), explain data collection, explain the analysis of the data. Chapter four is the discussion of findings. Chapter five contains recommendations and conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER  TWO[BM5]   INTRODUCTION Rugman (1996) noted that global market entry strategic decisions are taken by firms due to economic reasons either for the purposes of expansion and sustainable growth or for the purpose of survival in a volatile competitive market environment  [BM6]   In the last decade there has been a  large significant  [BM7]  increase in cross-border entries  [BM8]  by banks,  it has been acknowledged that  inter in  [BM9]  recent years has exceeded the combined total of numbers of  partnership[BM10]  Ã‚  formed in decades (Aimin 2001, et al).  [BM11]   The over saturation of financial institutions in Nigeria led to  [BM12]  several banking groups to attempt expanding in provision of services to neighbouring countries and beyond. Craig and Douglas.,  [BM13]  (2006[BM14]  ) argued that market entry strategies are shaped by the dynamic interplay of the driving and restraining forces of globalization, with increasing and rapid technological advancement, the market need of the local economy, the firms seeking leverage, the quality of product introduced and the world economic trend while the restraining forces are organizational culture, market difference, management myopia, barriers and national control.[BM15]   As banks seek fast growth globally, the choice of market entry strategic mode became an issue, as it is an important decision for banks seeking global participation and competitiveness (Buckley and Carson 1996). The selection of an appropriate market entry mode in a foreign market may have considerable effect on a firm either it necessitates growth or causes extensive damage to a firms sustainable growth and survival  (Davidson, 1982[BM16]  ;  Gatignon and Anderson, 1988[BM17]  ; Root, 1994;  Terpstra and Sarathy, 1994[BM18]  ). The subsequent selection of an unsuitable entry mode may block opportunities and hinder growth by limiting the array of strategic market entry options available to the firm (Alderson[BM19]  , 1957); This could result in considerable financial losses to the firm, including the firms exit from the foreign market, an example is the Merrill Lynch failure in Japan in the 1980s, in its attempt to enter the private client services market, the mode of market entry was at variance with the Japanese protectionist foreign firm regulations at that time which was highly restrictive of foreign firms  (Hill, 2002).[BM20]   GTB plc. in its quest for global expansion and sustainable growth must undertake an extensive market research analysis to  [BM21]  study the foreign business environment it intends operating in as  Scott[BM22]  (1981) observed that the best way to organize a firm depends on the nature of the environment to which the firm operates. A  PESTLE  analysis is done to ascertain the viability and profitability of the intended local market before choosing an appropriate market entry mode based on that. Kotler (1998)  [BM23]  defined PESTLE Analysis as a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position and direction for Operations. Williams and Green (1997) suggested that the PESTEL Analysis also allows an Organisation to have a competitive advantage over other firms in the industry and this technique is used to evaluate and identify the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors in a given economy that would affect the operation of an organization. Source: Johnson   scholes[BM24]  Ã‚  (2008) The political factor is always necessary to be evaluated, in order to know the favourability of the political climate to market growth and development in a particular country, as the stability of government, its Taxation Policies, and Attitude towards  foreign investment is crucial to the survival of the firm. The foreign governments economic framework is accessed to measure the state of the economy by considering the GDP statistical growth, the wage level, the disposable income, Unemployment rate, business cycle and viability of participating in the country. The rate and growth of population is also measured to determine changes in the taste  [BM25]  and preferences of consumers, changes in the lifestyle of consumers and the level of education of the populace, which would have a great effect on the demand of the products or services provided by GTB plc. The laws and regulations that exist in the foreign business environment is gauged to ascertain the legislative constraints or changes, such as health and safety legislation, working regulations or restrictions on company mergers and acquisitions, minimum wage cap. Porter (1996[BM26]  ) believed environmental laws and regulation help push firms towards innovation that will reduce their cost against the cost of keeping to the regulation. The PESTEL analysis is a very relevant and useful tool in analysing the external business environment as Henry. (2008) posited that it allows the firm full and informed knowledge of the foreign business environment the firm intends entering, and contributes to the proper understanding of the competitive nature of the business environment that may affect the firm.  Hiebing[BM27]  Ã‚  et al (2011) advanced that, the nature of the competitors in the market, the consumers and government actions contributes in the development of a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors. From researching the business environment, the firm might be able to see disguised opportunities (Zheng,.2009) Other scholars Williams and Green (1997) considers PESTLE analysis as a waste of time since the business environment is unpredictable; such analysis might become needless, as the business environment is considered uncertain. The business environment is uncontrollable hence the probability of situations arising that cannot be  controlled[BM28]   FOCAL THEORIES OF MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES There have been different debates on the best entry mode option firms should use to enter foreign markets; most of these theories are focused on the manufacturing sectors with a peripheral research done on the services sector (Ekeledo and Sivakumar  1998[BM29]  ).   A financial institution like GTBank Plc offers products as well as services. There are several theories of foreign direct investment as it relates to the market entry strategies of firms and financial institutions, but for the purpose of this research 3 related theories will be analysed. The Business Network theory  [BM30]  as the business environment is crucial for the banks strategic participation, the  institutionalization theory  [BM31]  that focuses on the difference between the institutional laws, culture of the home or host country, the  Eclectic theory  [BM32]  as this looked at the concept of determining factors that categorized a firm as a host or source firm, and the resource based theory that look at resources as the main reason firm enter new foreign markets. The joint venture market entry mode, the strategic alliance market entry mode and the mergers and acquisition entry mode is also reviewed[BM33]  . Carson (1993) opined  the conceptualization of the business network theory is primed that the business market environment focuses on specific relationships between suppliers and the consumers as the two actors in business. At the heart of this approach lies the assumption that suppliers and customers are engaged in long-lasting relationships that they consider to be important for their business as empirical data related to some one thousand business relationships in European markets showed that most firms operate in markets where a limited number of customers account for a considerable proportion of the firms sales (Hakansson 1982; Turnbull and Valla 1986). The  institutionalization  theory  deals with the difference between the institutions in the country of origin and in the receiving subsidiarys country by understanding the complex differences between national business systems through gaining an understanding of institutions governing the way product labour and financial markets work and the way institutional sectors relate to one another ( Baptista, 2009) Such cross-national differences place various degrees of constraints on the international dissemination of practices within multinational firms (Fermer et al 2005). It has been proposed that the key variable in this context is institutional distance (Kostova and Zaheer 1999). This comprises the differences in the regulation, normative and cognitive institutions between countries, for example corporate tax policy, peoples attitude to gender issues, and knowledge about possible environmental threats. Dunning (1980) introduced the concept of an eclectic theory of foreign direct investments often referred to as the OLI paradigm, which refers to the determining conditions for a firm to be a source or a host, these acronyms stands for Ownership advantages which allows a firm to overcome the disadvantages of a foreign location, this can be a product, or a production process to which other firms do not have access, such as patent or trademark, Location considerations such as input costs, strategic interaction or trade policy which make it more profitable to produce in a country than to export to it and Internalization gains which makes it more profitable for a firm to undertake foreign production itself rather than dealing with a foreign partner more familiar with the local environment (Sodersten, Reed 1994). Markusen (1995, 1998) reviewed the OLI paradigm by listing major characteristics of firms as, that multinational firms are associated with high ratios of research development relative to sales, employ large number of scientific, technical workers as a percentage of total work-force, tend to have a high value of intangible assets, are associated with new and technically complex products, are negatively associated with plant level scale economies, are associated with product differentiation variables such as advertising to sale ratios, that the size of a firm is minimally unimportant to be considered a multinational and that multinational firms tend to be older more established firms ([BM34]  Marrewijk, 2002). Itaki (1991) argued that the concept of the eclectic theory is however flawed, as a result of the  redundancy  of  the  concept of ownership advantage, it is assumed redundant because it originates from  the  internalization and integration theories and that firms tend to acquire and exploit  the  ownership advantages and that  the  ownership advantage includes  the  cost  of  its acquisition and that after paying for  the  contribution  of  all  the  factor inputs, the firm makes super-normal profit that remains in  the  final results simply from  the  firms organizational power  in  various departments or sub units and  the issue of  the  inseparability  of  the  ownership advantage from  the  location advantage is another matter of note. The resource-based theory of foreign direct investments views firm-specific resources such as assets capabilities, as the focal drivers of a firms international business strategy, scholars such as Barney (1991), Bharadwaj et al, 1993, and Grant (1991) even though affirming the theory as the most effective theory of international business strategy considers the theory as largely conceptual and descriptive. Root, (1994) urged financial institutions and Banks entering foreign markets to decide on the most suitable entry strategy, the market entry option selection is interpreted to mean an appropriate means for firms to enter foreign markets to participate in international businesses by exploiting their advantages. Banks also need to arrange ownership, either as a wholly owned subsidiary, in a joint venture, or in strategic alliance.  There are several mode of market entry strategy adopted by banks when[BM35]  entering a new market as the entry mode choice is not necessarily straightforward. A bank may pursue different market entry routes in different foreign markets for different banking reasons.  Ã‚  There are often constraints to foreign entry in the banking sector which home governments try to regulate in other to protect the home banks, which add to the complexity of choice of market entry strategy.[BM36]   Joint ventures are considered as the best global market entry strategy and the most cost effective means of expanding to foreign business environment (Hunt and Morgan.,1995) It has been suggested that joint ventures occur as a result of the perceived insistence of nation government to encourage international firms for the purposes of foreign direct investments (Buckley and Carson 1996). Firms ordinarily though form alliances for the singular reasons of value chains and different product offerings. Joint equity are basically the type of joint venture nations governments do encourage because of the gains that can be offered in terms of shared technological advancements to the local firms. The advantages of joint venture to banks is that it addresses the issue of uncertainty by the combined creation of monitoring mechanism that could align such uncertainties for the partners, to reveal information, share technology, make decisions together and pursue certain goals collectively  Vernon (1983). This assertion was agreed upon by Pfeffer and Salancik(1978) who noted then that if the problems firms face are competitive and symbiotic, then it can be presumed that joint ventures are undertaken to reduce uncertainties and promote stability in the business environment.   Gringer (1991), Beamish and Danks(1987) noted that globally majority of banks establishes business partnerships when the perceived additional benefits outweighs the expected extra cost after undertaken a cost-benefit analysis. It was established by Harigan (1988) that firms form partnership for strategic reasons and argued that joint ventures can exacerbate competition, stabilize profit level, and precipitate in structural changes in vertical integration, technological scale of economies or industry traits. Blodgett (1991) noted that joint venture market entry strategic option could be advantageous in form

Conflict is a Major Issue in Othello Essays -- shakespeare, Literary An

Conflict is a major issue in Othello, the source for all the problems in the story all lead back to love and jealousy. Love can be an extremely powerful thing in life. It can easily draw two people closer together or simply destroy something that could have been great. Ironically similar, jealousy can tear something apart just as fast as love can. This timeless tragedy starts out in Venice, with a plot to attain revenge on Othello. Iago and Roderigo are simply jealous with the fact that Othello has promoted Cassio to his lieutenant instead of Iago, along with the bitterness they both shared towards Othello to begin with (Shakespeare for Students, Othello). Together, Iago and Roderigo have come up with a plan to ultimately push Othello over the edge. For starters, Cassio unwillingly has told Iago that he is capable to be easily intoxicated and well obviously Iago uses this information against Cassio. Long story short, Cassio has stirred up a brawl to which in the long run costs him his new status as lieutenant. After all of this goes down Iago, trying to seem like the concerning friend, convinces Cassio to speak with Desdemona, Othello’s new bride, about the situation. Luckily, so Cassio thinks, Desdemona does such and tries to talk with Othello to have his dear friend reinstated. It is possible for people to make mistake. Once again Iago uses Cassio’s ignorance against him. All through the story almost every little detail and event all leads back to the scheme of Iago. Iago is thinking this could not work out better for me, so his next thought of process is that this conversation between Othello and his dear wife Desdemona will make Othello’s mind play tricks on him. Soon there after Othello is advised to keep closer watch of hi... ...or example when she asked him to tell her how much he loved her, â€Å"If it be love indeed, tell me how much†. Her maids add a little to Cleopatra’s characteristics. Also she had a messenger go to Antony saying she was dead, which she was not.Cleopatra’s character is so exotic and proud to be able to manipulate men but Desdemona is a complete opposite. Betrayal is the other ultimate theme of both of these tragedies. In Othello, he betrays Desdemona by believing the evil Iago and not communicating with his wife. He instead assumes Iago’s statements are of truth. We see Iago’s slyness and cleverness grow and a vapid rate, Desdemona’s innoncence becomes more apparent and Othello’s character galls from a noble warrior into a jealous fool. Iago is the source of the problems in Othello. He has motivation to ruin dear Othello because of the promotion Cassio gets instead of Iago.

Promote Communication Essay

1. Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate The communication is part of the human life, most of the people are communicate with others all the time in a conscious way or without intention to build a kind of relationship, basically in two forms verbal where we use words to present ideas or non-verbal expressing ideas and opinions without talking using our body language, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, touch or contact, signs, symbols, pictures, etc. Read more:  Identify the different reasons why people communicate  essay The people communicate one each other for many different reasons depending the personal relation between the people such as family/friend, workplace, commercial place, etc Those reasons can be: To express our needs and wishes To create/build a relationship with others To share information To explain different aspect of the life To help or receive help To show and express our feelings In particular, in our work environment exist some specific different groups of people that we need to communicate for different reasons The children and young people The communication with them is constant and fluid, we know their needs, problems, like and dislike, conflict with other peers, we share and explain the daily activities, we discuss the place setting rules, etc. The communication is general informal, and the verbal and non-verbal language should be according with the ages of the children. The practitioners With the colleagues we interact day by day, most of the time in an informal way share ideas and thoughts, relevant information about the children, the setting planning, activities, different situation that can affect the normal day in the work place as well as depended of the kind of relationship with the colleagues, it is possible share personal information and aspect of our life which do not have direct influence in the job. The manager / director The communication is similar than the colleagues, but it is express in a more formal way according of the kind of information that we need to communicate, sometime may include written communication by filling accident / incident form, meeting notes, discuss policies revision, etc . Parents/ carers The communication in this case can be informal and formal depending of the relationship between the people and the level of important of the information. We need to listen their concern about the children, setting activities, etc and for ours side giving to them feedback about the children progress, newsletter, any type of important information, etc. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting The communication is once of the more important interpersonal skills in ours work-setting, and it can affect in a positive or negative way on the day to day interaction with the different groups described above . Exist some possible barrier which can interfere in the communication, which can affect directly the relation between you and the people in the work place in a negative form like: Different language or different non-verbal communication interpretation. Speak with a lot of technical or slang language can create misunderstand or wrong message Ã… ¸Cultural and background differences can make that the same thing means different thing between the people, it can difficult the communication. Ã… ¸Personal and emotional situation like distress, upset, etc may make that someone not listen properly therefore misinterpret or do not understand what is being said Ã… ¸People with any kind of special needs to speak, listen, move, hard to concentrate, etc. However, There are many communication skills that we may consider to make that relationship in the setting affect in a positive way such as In verbal communication: Speak calm and clear Using listening skills to check understanding Understanding the communication cycle Knowing how to ask questions effectively Adapt the way of the communication so that the child or adult is able to understand. Understand and respect confidentiality In non-verbal communication: Understand body language messages Use a welcome body language and a positive attitude to communicate Have good empathic skills Show a calm posture If we can have a positive communication with all the people who is part of the work place community, we can build a good teamwork, share information effetely, establishing new relationships, helping children and young people with their problems and conflicts, etc.

The difference between products on a number Essays

The difference between products on a number Essays The difference between products on a number Essay The difference between products on a number Essay Im going to investigate the difference between products on a number grid first Im going to draw a box round four numbers then I will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers in the box. Ill will then calculate the difference between these products. Not only I am going to investigate squares, but also rectangles, Ill use algebra to try and find a formula or a general rule that will give me this difference for any size shape. Im going to draw a box round four numbers then I will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers. 12 13 22 23 The difference between 286 and 276 is 10 because 286 276 = 10 13 x 22 = 286 12 x 23 = 276 49 50 59 60 The difference between 2950 and 2940 is 10 because 2950 2940 = 10 50 x 59 = 2950 49 x 60 = 2940 5 6 15 16 The difference between 90 and 80 is 10 because 90 80 = 10 6 x 15 = 90 5 x 16 = 80 I predicted that the difference for all 22 spares will be 10, Ill do another 2 by 2 grid to confirm that my prediction is correct. 82 83 92 93 The difference between 7636 and 7626 is 10 because 7636 7626 = 10 83 x 92 = 7636 82 x 93 = 7626 This shows that my prediction is correct, that all 2 by 2 will equal to 10. 3 by 3 Im going to draw a box round nine numbers then I will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers. 1 2 3 11 12 13 21 22 23 The difference between 63 and 23 is 40 because 63 23 = 40. 3 x 21 = 63 1 x 23 = 23 6 7 8 16 17 18 26 27 28 The difference between 208 and 168 is 40 because 208 168 = 40. 8 x 26 = 208 6 x 28 = 168 25 26 27 35 36 37 45 46 47 The difference between 1215 and 1175 is 40 because 1215 1175 = 40 27 x 45 = 1215 25 x 47 = 1175 I predicted that the difference for all 3 by 3 spares will be 40, Ill do another 3 by 3 grid to confirm that my prediction is correct. 16 17 18 26 27 28 36 37 38 The difference between 648 and 608 is 40 because 648 608 = 40 18 x 36 = 648 16 x 38 = 608 This shows that my prediction is correct, that all 3 by 3 will equal to 30. 4 by 4 Im going to draw a box round sixteen numbers then i will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers. 14 15 16 17 24 25 26 27 34 35 36 37 44 45 46 47 The difference between 748 and 658 is 90 because 748 659 = 90. 17 x 44 = 748 14 x 47 = 658 24 25 26 27 34 35 36 37 44 45 46 47 54 55 56 57 The difference between 1458 and 1368 is 90 because 1458 1368 = 90. 27 x 54 = 1458 24 x 57 = 1368 55 56 57 58 65 66 67 68 75 76 77 78 85 86 87 88 The difference between 4930 and 4840 is 90 because 4930 4840 = 90. 58 x 85 = 4930 55 x 88 = 4840 I predicted that the difference for all 4 by 4 spares will be 90, Ill do another 4 by 4 grid to confirm that my prediction is correct. 51 52 53 54 61 62 63 64 71 72 73 74 81 82 83 84 The difference between 4930 and 4940 is 90 because 4930 4940 = 90. 54 x 81 = 4374 51 x 84 = 4284 This shows that my prediction is correct, that all 4 by 4 will equal to 90. 5 by 5 Im going to draw a box round twenty five numbers then I will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers. 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 44 45 The difference between 205 and 45 is 160 because 205 45 = 160. 5 x 41 = 205 1 x 45 = 45 55 56 57 58 59 65 66 67 68 69 75 76 77 78 79 85 86 87 88 89 95 96 97 98 99 The difference between 5605 and 5445 is 160 because 5605 5445 = 160. 59 x 95 = 5605 55 x 99 = 5445 42 43 44 45 46 52 53 54 55 56 62 63 64 65 66 72 73 74 75 76 82 83 84 85 86 The difference between 3772 and 3612 is 160 because 3772 3612 = 160. 46 x 82 = 3772 42 x 86 = 3612 I predicted that the difference for all 5 by 5 spares will be 160, Ill do another 5 by 5 grid to confirm that my prediction is correct. 35 36 37 38 39 45 46 47 48 49 55 56 57 58 59 65 66 67 68 59 75 76 77 78 79 The difference between 2925 and 2765 is 160 because 2925 2765 = 160. 39 x 75 = 2925 35 x 79 = 2765 This shows that my prediction is correct, that all 5 by 5 will equal to 160. 6 by 6 Im going to draw a box round twenty five numbers then I will find the product of top left, bottom right numbers, and then Im going to do the same with the top right, bottom right numbers. 21 22 23 24 25 26 31 32 33 34 35 36 41 42 43 44 45 46 51 52 53 54 55 56 61 62 63 64 65 66 71 72 73 74 75 76 The difference between 1846 and 1596 is 250 because 1846 1596 = 250. 26 x 71 = 1846 21 x 76 = 1596 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 31 32 33 34 35 36 41 42 43 44 45 46 51 52 53 54 55 56 The difference between 306 and 56 is 250 because 306 56 = 250. 6 x 51 = 306 1 x 56 = 56 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 45 46 47 48 53 54 55 56 57 58 63 64 65 66 67 68 73 74 75 76 77 78 83 84 85 86 87 88 The difference between 3154 and 2904 is 250 because 3154 2904 = 250. 38 x 83 = 3154 33 x 88 = 2904 I predicted that the difference for all 6 by 6 spares will be 250, Ill do another 6 by 6 grid to confirm that my prediction is correct. 14 15 16 17 18 19 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 35 36 37 38 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 54 55 56 57 58 59 64 65 66 67 68 69 The difference between 1216 and 966 is 250 because 1216 966 = 250. 19 x 64 = 1216 14 x 69 = 966

Willy Loman’s Failure to be a Tragic Hero Essay Example

Willy Loman’s Failure to be a Tragic Hero Essay Example Willy Loman’s Failure to be a Tragic Hero Paper Willy Loman’s Failure to be a Tragic Hero Paper The tragic hero has long been a dramatic figure. Oedipus defines such a hero; his future determined by the fates and the gods, his actions work together to bring it about even as he believes that he is taking pains to avoid it. He has no choice in how his story will end; he is a hamster in a wheel running and running to go nowhere. Willy Loman is no such hero. While his story makes the reader feel for him and for his family, it is more pathetic than it is tragic. Despite Miller’s well argued assertion that the common man can be a tragic figure, Loman does not fit the requirements for tragedy. A tragic hero suffers from lack of choice; he suffers more than is his lot despite what he feels are wise decisions. He has no choice but to continue on his path because he lacks the possibility to choose. The audience must be moved by the hero’s fate, but both the audience and the hero himself must also learn from the play’s events. Loman does not measure up to being a â€Å"tragic† figure, however. He suffers, not because of fate, but because he has created his own destiny. His measure of greatness is too small. For Loman, a great man is â€Å"well liked. † He repeats this theme throughout the play, using it to judge himself and to judge other people. However, as Charley points out, it is not necessary to be well liked in this life to be successful (Miller, 1977, p. 97). Despite the repeated failure of his model for success Loman continues with it, even teaching it to his children, perpetuating the cycle of failure. Although he seems to learn from Charley’s words that his only success lies in what he can sell, thus leading to the thought that all he has left of value is his life (Miller, 1977), Loman proves to the audience that he has not learned at all. Instead, he fantasizes about how his family will love him for his sacrifice, not realizing that he will take from them what they truly cherish. Without doubt, it is possible for the audience to fear Loman’s fate. In today’s uncertain world that sees many people living from paycheck to paycheck, it is possible to feel that our lives are valueless. What makes Loman’s fate more pathetic than tragic, however, is his continued insistence on using a single, worthless, measure of success and his continued fantasizing. Had he learned from his mistakes and still continued to fail, or had he been compelled to repeat his actions through fate, he might have reached the level of tragic hero. However, Loman is more allied with Tiresias, whose blindness reflects the unseeing actions of the other characters, rather than with the hero whose fated actions bring about his tragic end. Reference Miller, A. (1977). Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin.

Social Justice in Colombia, Historical through today Essay

Social Justice in Colombia, Historical through today - Essay Example Popular landmarks include the Caribbean coast to the north, the Pacific coast to the west, and the Amazonia rainforest in the south-east. The land area of Colombia contains rich natural resources required for agricultural and commercial systems (Merchant, 4). Columbia’s apt topographic location, rich natural resources, and good climate patterns were the reasons why colonists are being driven towards Colombia to create subsistence- and market-oriented societies. The arrival of the Spanish colonizers has created a diverse population of 41 million people of Spanish descendants, African-slave descendants, immigrants, and indigenous people. It is believed that social injustices peaked during comprehensive land reform and slavery when Columbian government has been struggling for democracy. Social Injustice and Colonialism The development of social gap and inequality in Colombia reveals a historical link to colonialism, particularly to the cognitive and institutional path dependence between Spanish colonialism and contemporary Colombian society as evidence by violence, exploitation, slavery, and highly visible inequity in Colombia (McCormack, 106). The encomienda system, which was established during early colonialism, is an example of exploitation, slavery, and social injustice experienced by Columbians. This is a labor system that bonds colonialists and farmers. Colonialists were given free land and labor from Columbians and those who were under the hacienda of the military or local rulers have to work hard, endure cruelty, be a slave, until death succumb the worker. In addition to agrarian control, colonialists have also a hand at Columbia’s economy. Spanish rulers have full control and the church acts as the sole bank and source of education and social services. Excessive taxations are being implemented in a country where private ownership and union formations are prohibited. The economy was not good until Colombia gained its independence. Columbia ha s become independent but not in all aspects. Economy booms but not the status of the majority of farmers in Colombia. They remained as tenants and laborers and property rights became an issue as economy booms. Let us have a closer look on coca workers. While the Liberal and Conservative presidential candidates’ battle against each other, agrarian and poverty issues remained high. As a result of poverty, coca boom began in late 1970s and the high profits derived from the lure of drugs have resulted in massive migration of unemployed and landless peasants to the FARC-controlled colonized regions (Leech, n.p.). Thus, social injustices have pushed local farmers to become coca workers to ease poverty and improve employment conditions. Sad to say, the guerillas who claimed that they are only fighting for their rights were also in partnership with the drug lords. Guerillas controlled coca growing regions while drug lords took charge of production and trafficking. FARC or political f orces also see the benefits of coca boom as the taxes imposed on maintaining social order in the local population increased dramatically. Collected taxes are then used for improving weaponry and military forces. Coca boom partnership did not stay for long and narco-landowners organized own paramilitary services while drug

Analyze the Running Case on pages 456-457 of the textbook Essay

Analyze the Running Case on pages 456-457 of the textbook - Essay Example To finish all projects in time, it is important to allocate sufficient resources and manpower to all projects. The first step will be workforce planning which involves anticipating and integrating human resource in order to preempt contingencies that would prevent delivery of a project in time and at the allocated budget. Each project will have a work plan which gives the expected progress with time, budget, resources and expected contingencies and ways of mitigating them. For the parts carried out by the company procedures and work instructions, a standard progress reporting form will be prepared with fields for the report date, status of the project as a percentage, expected status as of that date from the project planning, budget used as a percentage of the total, next report date and a description of the progress made in the project. "We are also concerned that the longer the full implementation takes †¦.† By Kevin Johnson, USA TODAY advertisement on FBI behind schedule, over budget on computer system. From this it is quite evident that a project that goes beyond the stipulated plan bracket ends up by being costly. To implement the completion of the project within the budget bracket, PMO executes the project(s) through four phases where in the initial stages, the PMO team is trained on the basic project management processes, standards to be followed when running the project (Mahnic, & Zabkar, 2012) . For the projects to be carried out by subcontractors, and partners, progress reporting dates will be agreed upon and included in the progress contract. A similar progress reporting form will be used by external contractors with actual inspection by Wild Solutions staff to verify the claims of the submitted progress report. Control process for progress reporting focus on software design schedule, construction schedule, budget and resources (Mahnic, & Zabkar, 2012). Under design schedule, reporting will focus on how well the completed part of